Vrikshayurveda is a part of Ayurveda, exclusively meant for maintaining the health, healing and productivity of plants. Scattered information on Vrikshayurveda is available in Vedas, Upanishads, Puranas, Epic literature, Samhitas (Ttratise), Buddist literature, Kautilya’s Arthasastra, Krishiparasara, Nighandus (Lexicographic works), and other Ayurvedic literature. Later, these information were compiled and translated by many authors like Surapala, Sarnghadara, Bhavamishra, Nalini Sadhale. Y.L. Nene etc.
Vrikshayurveda is the art of maintaining the health, healing and productivity of plants. It is scientifically unexplored topic, which is a part of the healing art of India exclusively practiced by the ancient scholars of Ayurveda by adopting purely an organic approach in different sectors like Agriculture, Medicinal plant culture and Horticulture. They also emphasized the importance of Chithreekaranam (Ancient biotechnological interventions/Research) with a view to explore the commercial aspects of the plant world. The terms Bheshajavaidyam and Vrikshayurveda are being mentioned in Agnipurana and Brahatsamhita respectively. Arthasastra written by Kautilya has provided clear-cut guidelines to the rulers for preserving and maintaining public parks, gardens, forests earmarked for hunting, collection of forest resources etc. and these regulations has been brought under the subject Gulmavrishayurveda. According to the Dhanvantari Nighandu, Vriskhayurveda is an indepth study directly linked with various aspects of plant life, especially related to trees. Vrikshayurveda is one of the specialized branches of Ayurveda, specifically meant for the conservation, propagation, cultivation, plant care and development of plant-based processes and products including organic manures, organic liquid manures, biopesticides, growth regulations and promotors that are effectively utilized for healthy germination, nourishment, rejuvenation and treatment of plants.
Ayurveda is a Sastra different from modern science. It deals with physical, mental and spiritual aspects of life systems as a whole in the universe, supported by non-living components like air, soil, water etc. The word Ayu denotes Life and Veda means knowledge. In short, it is described as “Ancient Science of Life”. Ayurveda is not merely a system of medicine. In broader sense, it deals with the whole life system of Universe. Hence, it is universally applicable to all the components of biodiversity and a biodiversity (non-living components). Ayurveda teaches the science of life from micro to macro level. Based on Sankhya and Vaiseshika Philosophy, Ayurveda has been conceptualized with concrete fundamental theories/principles, beginning with the theory of evolution of the Universe (Brahmanda) with entire life forms (Pindanda) prevailing in it; manly human beings, plants, animals and microbes. Ayurveda identifies man as an integral part of nature and stresses the necessity of maintaining complete harmony with all living and abiotic components of the surroundings or environment. In the case of knowledge pertaining to plants or animals, the term Vrikshayurveda (Ancient Science of Plant Life and Plant Care / Ayurvedic arboreal medicine) and Mrigayurveda (Ayurvedic veterinary medicine) are used respectively.
As India and many countries are on the anvil of organic revolution in farming sector, the practices mentioned in the Vrikshayurveda can be made useful to the farming community after conducting field level experiments and studies. Food products and other preparations produced using Vrikshayurvedic techniques could fetch a higher price if suitably branded and marketed nationally and internationally.
Vrikshayurveda provides suitable guidelines to the farmers for selection of suitable soil and maintaining its healthy status, which are essential for the cultivation of specific corps, planting of trees, raising plantation etc. Charaka and Susruta categorically stated that efficacy of vegetable drugs depends on the nature of soil on which they are grown. Therefore, the health of a human being is directly linked with the quality of the soil in which the food for his consumption is grown. Charaka stated that “Man is the product of food”
Chanakya who wrote ‘Arthasastra’ emphasized the care to be taken for sustaining the productivity and described the different types of soils. He also stressed the need to maintain fertility of the soil by applying suitable manures and ameliorants so as to make soil itself an organic manure. This leads to a novel concept in which a nutrient enriched soil will also become an organic input of economic value so that it can be branded and marketed as an alternative to commercially available organic manures.
Vrikshayurveda provides necessary guidelines related to sowing techniques from micro to macro level, which includes collection, quality criteria and seed treatment practices. The other aspects related to sowing techniques mentioned in Vrikshayurveda are preparation of the seed pit, seedbed, aeration of soil before sowing, optimum time of sowing, guidelines for sowing, procedures to be adopted in seed nursery and irrigation techniques.
This section of website mainly focuses on the protocols developed by the ancient Vrikshayurvedic experts based on the information documented in various Ayurvedic textbooks and the outcome of experimental studies carried out by the scholars from time to time. This include guidelines for seed collection, pre and post treatment of seeds, preparation of seed pit, aeration of soil before sowing, suitable time for sowing seeds and planting trees, guidelines of sowing, method of plant propagation etc.
The term “padapa” means a group of plants, which assimilate food and nutrients mainly through their roots. Among this groups, some are propagated through seeds, stem and rhizome. This section deals with plant propagation techniques according to Ayurveda / Vrikshayurveda.
Plant Propagation using seeds (Bijaruha) is a very common method. This has been referred in Rigveda, Atharvaveda and also mentioned by Manu. Propagation using bulbous roots and underground sterm has been described in Arthasastra. Propagation through cuttings (Skandhaja) is another method mentioned in Brihat Samhita and Arthasastra. In Buddha Ghosha, the different methods of propagation have been mentioned as tubers (Mulabijam), cuttings (Skandhaja)/grafting, budding (Agrabijam)/apical parts, leaves (Parnayoni) and seeds (Bijam).
Improper tree planting causes losing of its aesthetic beauty and prosperity.
This technique mainly focuses on the importance of planting, classification of land suitable for planting, classification of plats, preparation of seed pit and seedbed, guidelines for watering, ideal time for sowing, rituals to be performed before sowing, exclusive guidelines for sowing seeds, rules of planting trees, planting distance between plants, seeds and density of seed sowing, folklore etc.
An irrigation calendar based on time, duration, agro-climatic conditions like season, type of soil, type of crop etc. is mentioned in Vrikshayurvedic literature. It is also stressed that, the purity of water has to be maintained.
Area of this website exclusively details the rules and guidelines for watering according to season and duration.
Duration and time for watering plant species | |||
Sl. No | Nature of plants and season (Ritu) | Duration/time of watering | Remarks |
1 | Newly planted species | Twice-daily- morning and evening | Adopt protective measures from excess cold, wind and heat |
2 | Hemanta and Sisira (Winter) | Alternate days | |
3 | Vasanta (Spring) | *Once in a day/**twice daily morning and evening | |
4 | Greeshmam (Summer) | Twice daily- morning and evening | |
5 | Varsha (rainy) Sarath (Autumn) | *Watering only if there is no rain/**when the soil is dry | Watering, according to the requirement. Watering is prohibited on the basin of the tree, if the tree suffering from indigestion. This is to be detected based on the rate of adsorption of water poured over the basin of the tree.If it is not adsorbed, it shows that the tree is suffering from indigestion.In this condition watering should be totally restricted. |
6 | Weeding | The grass, shrubs, herbs, climbers etc, which are growing near the tree, preventing the proper growth of the tree should be removed. | |
Duration and time of watering plant species | |||
Sl. No. | Nature of plants and season (Ritu) | Duration/time of watering | Remarks |
1 | Newly planted species (young plants or seedlings) | Twice daily- morning and evening for seven days | Provide shade for protection from sun. After an interval of every seven days, medicated gruel (krisara) prepared from fish, meat and Tila (Sesamam indicum) is applied (cold form) over the bottom of newly planted species to enhance growth This should be properly protected from heat(sunlight) until coral coloured leaves appear on the newly planted trees. |
2 | Jangaladesa (region of tropics especially arid zone/ hilly land) | Twice daily (morning and evening)up to first two weeks or till the land is irrigated well. | Plot plantation should be saturated with water |
3 | Anoopadesa (aquatic or marshy land) | Once daily for five weeks | Water should only be sprinkled over the plants |
4 | Sandharanadesa (plain/medium type land) | Twice daily (morning and evening) during first ten alternate days | Using little quantity of water is recommended |
5 | Winter (Hima) | Alternate days | Irrigate when the plant roots attain stability |
6 | Vasanta (Sping) | Once daily | |
7 | Grishma (Summer) | Thrice daily (Trikalam) | |
8 | Sarat (autumn) and rainy (varsa) season | Apply special recipe when the soil is dry during the fruiting season of trees | The juice obtained from the medicinal fruit duly mixed with cow's urine, fat (vasa), milk and other similar liquids, prepared in the form of liquid manure |
There are a number of nutraceutical applications prescribed in Vrishayurveda in terms of their preventive, promotional, corrective and curative properties.
Planting trees without providing proper care, will not produce good flowering and fruiting. Therefore this chapter is mainly focusing on the nutritional care and management of tree species.
Sl. No | Ingredients and method of preparation. | Mode of administration | Indication |
1 | Vengaduku(Brassica juncea) | Broadcast the Vengaduku(Brassica juncea) at the bottom of Kharjuram (Phoenix dactylifera), vilwam(Aegle marmelos) and lukecha (Artocarpus hirsutus). | Growth promoter |
2 | Liquid manure prepared from Pinnyakam (oil cake) of Sesamum indicum and Thushavari(one-day-old rice washed water). | Pour the liquid manure at the bottom of Ambra (Mangifera indica). | Growth promoter |
3 | Medicated oil prepared from Nichulum leaves(Barringtonia recemosa). | Pour the medicated oil at the bottom of a tree. | Growth promoter |
4 | A medicated decoction prepared from Vreehi (Oryza sativa) and Mamsam(Meat). | Apply at the bottom of a wild variety of Prachina amalakam(Phyllanthus emblica) tree. | Excellent manure |
5 | Mixture of milk and water | Pour the liquid at the bottom of Balathindukam young plant (Diospyros peregrina). | Growth promoter |
6 | Powder prepared from Yevam(Hordeum vulgare) barely | Powder of Yevam applied at the bottom of Naalikera (Cocous nucifera). | Excellent manure |
7 | Liquid bio manure is prepared from the meat of Karangam (Axis axis), Kidi (Sus scrofa) Matsyam(fish), Srigalam (Vulpes bangalensis), Aswam (Equus caballus), milk panchapallavam- leaves of Ambram(Mangifera indica), Jambu(Syzygium cumini), Kapitham (Limonia acidissima), Beeja purakam(Citrus limon), Vilwam(Aegle marmelos) water by boiling all these ingredients by cooling. | Pour liquid manure at the bottom of Thenmavu(Mangifera indica) | To enhance the aroma and taste of the friut |
8 | Medicated decoction prepared from gritham(clarified butter), kunapajalam (liquid bio manure*), Vacha (Acorus calamus), Varaha vishta (pig dung) | Pour the medicated decoction at the bottom of the Dadima (Punica granatum) | Growth promoter |
9 | A medicated decoction prepared from kulatha (Dolichos biflorus). | Pour the medicated decoction at the bottom of the Dadima (Punica granatum) | Growth promoter |
10 | Water used for washing fish | Pour the fish washed water at the bottom of the Dadima (Punica granatum) | To grow fruiting profusely |
11 | Paste prepared from triphala- (Harithaki (Terminalia chembula), Vibhuthaki (Terminalia bellirica), Amalaki (Phyllanthus emblica) along with the fat of saphari fish (fat of kozu meen) and ghee(clarified butter) | Apply on the branches and young fruits of Dadima (Punica granatum) | To increase the fruit size |
12 | Fumigate with triphala powder Harithaki (Terminalia chembula), Vibhuthaki (Terminalia bellirica), Amalaki (Phyllanthus emblica) | Fumigate below the branches and fruits of Dadima (Punica granatum) | To increase the fruit size |
13 | Paste prepared from the fruit of Mangifera indica (Ambrapalam) | Apply over the branch and fruit of Dadima (Punica granatum) | To increase the fruit size |
14 | A liquid manure prepared from Dhati(curd) Masthu (water obtained from curd, Kanchikam(one day old rice water used for washing), Sura(self generated alcoholic drink obtained from rice), Badari(Ziziphus mauritiana), Tila (Sesamum indicum), Medika (Trigonella foenumgraecum), Kunapajalam(liquid bio manure) and seethu(self generated alcoholic drink obtained from sugar cane juice and milk) | Pour the liquid manure at the basin of Phaline (Callicarpa tomentosa), Kadambam (Neolamarckia cadambam), Karikesaram/Nagapoo (Mesua ferrea) | To enhance the flowering and aroma of the flowers |
15 | Medicated decotion prepared from Priyangu(Callicarpa tomentosa) Kunjaphalam (Abrus precatorius), Nimba(Azadirachta indica), Pippali (Piper longum) Vacha(Acorus calamus), Haridra (Curcuma longa), Tila(Sesamum indicum), Sarshapa(Brassica juncae) (all in equal quantity) - prepared in the form of powder, mixed with the decoction prepared from Aswakarna(Terminalia paniculata) added with gritham (clarified butter) | Pour the medicated decoction at the bottom of Chembaka(Magnolia champaca), Nagavriksha (Mesua ferrea) | Growth promoter |
16 | Kukundanampureesham(chicken manure), expressed juice of meat(Mamsa rasam), one-day-old rice washed water(kanchikam). | Enhances the growth and fruiting of Gosthani(Vitis vinifera) | |
17 | Padddy straw | Paddy straw is prepared in the form of rope and tied over the branches of Panasam (Artocarpus heterophyllus) followed by pouring of the decoction prepared from vacha (Acorus calamus) over the rope | For profuse fruiting |
18 | Prepared in the form of liquid manure from Sarppis (clarified butter), Gudam(jaggery), Ksheeram (milk) and Madhu(honey) | Pou the liquid manure at the bottom of the trees of Kapitham(Limonia acidissima), Vilwam (Aegle marmelos). | To make the fruit more fleshy with fewer seeds and sweet taste |
19 | A medicated decoction prepared from leaves and root of Koshataki (Luffa aegyptica) and expressed juice of fresh meat, mixed with powder of Thippali(Piper longum). | Pour at the bottom of the Madhuka tree (Madhuca neriifolia)and Fumigate with above mentioned ingredients, prepared in the form of powder. | To produce beautiful, good quality flowers |
20 | Medicated water prepared from Tila(Sesamaaum indicum), Yashtimadhu (Glycyrrhiza glabra) and Madhu (honey) mixed with kunapajala (liquid manure). | Pour the medicated water mixed with kunapajala(liquid bio manure) at the bottom of the tree. | To enhance the sweetness of Badari(Ziziphus rugosa) fruit. |
21 | A mixture prepared from the dung of Ajam (Ovis aries), Aeadakam (kuriyad), Sukaram(Sus scrofa), Vidangam(Embelia ribes), Kinnuavm(sedimentation obtained from toddy). | Apply the mixture at the bottom of Beejapura (Citrus lemon) and pour the urine of Aswam (Equus caballus) and Avi(goat) | To enhance fruiting irrespective of the season |
22 | The sting of vrichika (Pandinus imperator), Gritam(clarified butter), fat of mooshika(Rattus rattus) and Kola(sus scrofa) | The sting of vrichika (Pandinus imperator), should be incised on the dtem of climbers/twiners followed by fumigation at the same spot with Gritam(clarified butter). Furthur, fat of pig and rat are applied. According to surapala fumigation is to be carried out of with Saphari matsya (specific kind of fish) mixed with ghee. This is to be followed by sprinkling rat and pig fat. | For fruiting profusely |
23 | Gomoothram (cow's urine), Kunapajalam (liquid bio manure) | Apply the liquid bio manure at the bottom of Kethaki (Pandanus odoratissimus). | To enhance the aroma of the Kethaki (Pandannus odoratissimus) flowers during the rainy season. |
24 | Scented soil is prepared by adding flowers having aromatic qualities, either alone or in combination. | Apply scented soil, in larger quantity at the bottom of the tree. | To induce aroma in flowers |
25 | Medicated water prepared from Kushta (Saussurea lappa), Pathram (Pogostemon heyneanus), Muramanchi (Sanseveria roxburghiana), Mustha (Cyperus rotundus), Tagaram(Valeriana wallichii) and Useeram(Crysopogon zizanioides) | Apply medicated water at the bottom of the tree for a period of 1 month. | Induces scent in unscented flowers |
26 | Powder from Kanmasham (half-cooked black gram), tusk of the elephant. | Apply the powder in the lotus pond | To enhance the flowering of Padmini(Nelumbo nucifera) irrespective of the season. |
27 | Powder from the dung of Sidhartham (Brassica juncae), Kadalidalam (leaves of Musa paradisiaca), Saphari(kozhumeen), Kola (Sus scrofa)Marjaram (Felis catus), mixed with gritham(clarified butter). | Apply over the roots and fumigate with the same ingredients | To improve the overall health of the trees and to cure diseases. To promote the growth of healthy tender leaves and for profuse flowering |
28 | A medicated decoction prepared from Ankolam(Alangium salvifolium) mixed with gritham(clarified butter), Mashikam(honey) fat of Kidi(Sus scrofa), Kunga (Axis axis) and Sidharthaka(Brassica juncea) | Pour at the basin of the tree | Trees grow without being affected any diseases, it also acts as a growth promoter |
29 | 1. Fumigate with gritham(clarified butter). 2. Medicated water Yavam (Hordeum valgare). 3. A mixture of milk and water Kunapajalam(Liquid bio manure). 4. Paste prepared from the powder of Viadanga(Embelia ribes) and Tila (Sesamum indicum) along with milk or kunapajalam | All five preparation is recommended for the growth of young trees | Growth promoters |
30 | The special recipe is popularly known as Kunapajala. This liquid manure was extensively used in ancient days. The recipe mentioned in different texts varies slightly in terms of its ingredients. The ingredients of Kunapajala are flesh, fat and bone marrow of Kunga (Axis axis) Kidi (Sus scrofa), matsya (fish) Masham (Vigna Mungo) kuriyadu (dwarf variety) and Chagalam (tall variety), Khadgi (walmrigam). All these ingredients are boiled with water and transferred to a separate vessel followed by adding milk and powder of tila (Sesamum indicum) along with Mashikam (Honey) and cooked Masha (Vigna mungo) mixed in water. Finally, add gritham and hot water. The entire mixture is placed in sunlight or in a hot place for 15 days. The liquid manure thus prepared is called Kunapajala.It is to be noted that the quantity of each ingredient is not mentioned. Another option given is to use substitutes of these ingredients based on the directions of a vrikshayurvedic expert | Pour the liquid bio manure at the basin of the tree and plant species | Excellent growth promoter and immune enhancer |
31 | Milk | Pour at the basin of the trees | To enhance the sweetness of the fruit. |
32 | Preparation of Kunapajala according to Kashyapala. The following are the ingredients:- dung of Aja (Capra aegagrus)- 2 prastha, Dung of Avi (Ovis aries) -2 prastha , Tila (Sesamum indicum)- 1 Adakam, Skuthu-1 prastha, Go mamsa (meat of Bos taurus) - are diluted with 100 times water and kept for seven days. | Pour the liquid bio manure at the basin of the tree and plant species at least for seven days | Excellent growth promoter and immune enhancer |
33 | Preparation of Kunapajala according to Kashyapala. The following are the ingredients:- dung of Aja (Capra aegagrus)- 2 prastha, Dung of Avi (Ovis aries) -2 prastha, Tila (Sesamum indicum)- 1 Adakam, Skuthu-1 prastha, Go mamsa (meat of Bos taurus)- are diluted with 100 times water and kept for seven days. | Pour the liquid bio manure at the basin of trees and plant species at least for seven days. | Excellent growth promoter and immune enhancer |
34 | Medicated juice is prepared from the fruits of Ankola (Alangium salviifolium), along with Gritha (clarified butter), madhu (honey) and Sukara vasa (pig fat). | Medicated juice applied at the bottom of the mango tree. | For the production of sweet and tasty mango and to increase the size of the mango. |
35 | Medicated water/decoction is prepared from the flesh of Go (Bos taurus), Kola (Sus scrofa) and Sisumara (Crocodylus porosus). | Irrigate medicated water at the bottom of Nalikera (Cocos nucifera), puga (Areca catechu), Kharjura (Pheonix dactylifera), Thaada (Borassus flabellifer) and other similar palm varieties. | To enhance the quality and quantity of fruits |
36 | Saphari (special kind of fish) is mixed with the powder of Tila (Sesamum indicum) and made into a paste. Liquid bio manure is prepared from Vidanga (Embelia ribes), Levana (salt), Tila (Sesamum indicum), kshoudra (honey), mamsa (meat), Asava (medicated liquid), Sura (medicated self generated alcoholic drink) and Maireya (medicated self generated alcoholic drink). | Externally applied on the top and bottom of the tree during the night. | To enhance the production of good quality nuts and to increase the size of nuts. |
37 | Ksharodhaka (medicated alkaline water) is mixed with powder of Yava (Hordeum valgare), Tushajala (Paddy husk mixed with water) and Masha yusha (soup of black grams). | Pour the mixture of Ksharodhaka at the base of coconut palm | Enhancement of the production of good quality coconuts and to increase the size of the nuts. |
38 | Medicated water is prepared from Sita siddhardhaka toya (Bracica alba), Yava (Hordeum valgare), Tushajala (Paddy husk) and Pinnyaka (oil seeds cake). | Pour the medicated water at the basin of trees like Kharjura (Pjoenix sylvestris), kamala (Nelumbo nucifera), Dramala and Kusa (Desmostachya bipinnata). | To correct the nutritional deficiency |
39 | Aliquid bio manure is prepared from the flesh of Marjara (Felis catus), Casa (Coracias bengalaensis), Harina (Axis axis), Sukara vasa (fat of pig) and Mahishi dugdha (milk of buffalo) | .Pour liquid manure at the basin of the tree | Production of quality fruits.To increase the size of Dadima (Punica granatum) fruit. |
40 | A bio-manure is prepared from the flesh of animals; Pheru (extinct animal)? And Sita (sugar/ sugar candy). | Apply manure at the basin of Dadima (Punica Granatum) tree. | To enhance the sweetness of the fruit. To increase the size of the fruit. |
41 | A bio-manure is prepared in the form of paste with the ingredients- Gritham (clarified butter),Kshoudram (honey) and Saphari (a fish variety). | Apply externally over the trunk of Dadima (Punica Granatum) tree. | To produce high quality, tasty, juicy fruits of Dadima (Punica granatum) |
42 | Fumigate with triphala powder Harithaki (Terminalia chembula), Vibhuthaki (Terminalia bellirica), Amalaki (Phyllanthus emblica) | Fumigate in and around trees | To produce high-quality fruits. To increase the size of fruits and yield |
43 | A mixture of Saphari fish with milk diluted in water | Administered in a higher dose and poured at the basin of tree | For profuse fruiting |
44 | Fumigate with flowers of Sarshapam (Brassica alba), Arjuna (Terminalia Arjuna) along with with meat of rabbit (Lepus nigricollis), Vidanga (Embelia ribes) and Red Curcuma (Curcuma Zedoaria). | Fumigate around trees | To cure diseases and for profuse flowering and fruiting |
45 | Fumigate with Kadalidalam (plantain leaves), Sarshapam (Brassica juncae) and karimeen (Etroplus suratensis). | Fumigate around trees | To promote early flowering and fruiting |
46 | Medicated water prepared from the fat of deer, pig mixed with honey, clarified butter and tender leaves of neerkadamb (Mitragyna parvifolia). | Pour the medicated water around the basin of trees | To promote early flowering and fruiting |
47 | Paste prepared from Gritham (clarified butter), Vidanga (Embelia ribes), milk and water and honey | Apply externally at the bottom of the tree | To promote early flowering and fruiting and also to get quality flowers and fruits |
48 | 1. Gritham (clarified butter) mixture of Yavam (Hordeum valgare) Krisara (cooked rice prepared from rice, Tila (Sesamam indicum) and milk, Pachotti (Symplocos cochinchinesis) and honey 2. Tila (Sesamum indicum), honey and Yevam (Hordeum valgare) 3. Milk and water 4. Medicated self-generated alcoholic drink | 1. Smeared with Gritham at the bottom portion of Perumthudari (Ziziphus mauritiana), Ayani (Autocarpus hirsutus), Lantha (Ziziphus mauritiana), nelli (Phyllanthus embilica) and Njaval (Syzygium cumini) 2. Smeared with the paste prepared from Krisara along with Pachotti (Symplocos cochinchinensis) and honey is applied over the bottom portion of the tree for 12 days. 4. During the flowering period pour milk and pour a medicated alcoholic drink at the basin of the tree. | High yield of fruits (1-4) To produce big-sized tasty fruits (5) |
49 | A mixture prepared from Jaggery Gritham (clarified butter) Paya (milk) and Madhu (honey) | Pour at the basin of trees Koovalam (Aegle marmelos) and Vlar maram (Limonia acidissima) | Profuce fruiting |
50 | 1. Ash prepared from Paddy Straw and cow dung 2. Kunapajalam 3. To increase size of the banana | 1. Pour the residue at the basin of the tree and cover with soil 2. Pour Kunapajalam on the soil | To increase the size of the banana |
51 | Fumigate with powder of Tagaram (Valeriana walichii), kushta (Saussurea lappa and Ajadanyam (Lepidium sativum) | Fumigate around and at the bottom of the tree. | To promote quick flowering and fruiting and also to get good quality flowers and fruits |
52 | Fat of python (Python seabae) and snake | Applied externally on the trunk and bottom of the tree | Growth stimulator |
53 | A medicated decoction prepared from milk, meat, fish, cow dung, red rice (chennellu), kinnwam (sedimentation obtained from toddy) mixed with powder of Tila (Sesamum indicum) | Pour the medicated decoction at the basin of Mathala narakam (Punika granatum) | To enhance the size of the fruit and to make it soft and fleshy and tasty |
54 | Fumigate with the ponded mixture prepared from the bark (powder) of azhinijil (Alangium saviifolium), meat, root and leaves of Katttupeechii (Luffa aegyptiaca) | Fumigated with the pounded mixture | To produce beautiful flowers from the plant species Yashtimadhu (Glycyrrhiza glabra). |
55 | A mixture prepared from Godhumam(Titicum aestivum), Thakram (butter milk), Curd, Lantha kuru (seeds of Ziziphus rugosa), Tila (Sesamum indicum), Madhyam(Self generated alcoholic drink), milk and Kunapajalam | Pour the mixture at the basin of the plant species/trees- Amrit (Tinospora cordifolia), Kadambam (Neolamarckia cadamba) and Nagavriksha (Mesua ferrea) | To produce aromatic flowers |
56 | Medicated water is prepared from Jambu (Syzygium cumini), Asokham (Saraca asoca), useeram (Chrysopogon zizaniodes) and Mustha (Cyperus rotundus) along with Sura (self-generated alcoholic drink) | Pour the mixture at the basin of the plant | Profuce flowering |
57 | Mixture of aromatic water prepared from spices e.g. Elam (Elettaria cardamomum), and soup prepared from meat | Pour the aromatic water and soap mixture at the basin of Kitha (Pandanus odorifer) | Profuce flowering |
58 | Madhyam (medicate self generated alcoholic drink) | Pour the medicated alcoholic drink at the basin of mulla (Jasmium sambac), kanaveeran (Nerium indicum) and ponkurinji (yellow coloured flower Strobilanthes sp.) | Profuce flowering |
59 | Gomoothram(cow's urine) | Pour cow urine (approximately 60 ml) at the basin of Valli mulla (Jasminum multiflorum) | Profuce flowering |
60 | Prepare a mixture of Gopaya (cow's milk) and cold water | Pour the mixture at the basin of Pathiri (Bignonia suaveolens) | For profuse flowering and attract bees |
61 | A mixture of flesh and water | Pour the mixture at the basin of Karpasam (Gossypium hirsutum) | Profuce flowering |
62 | A mixture prepared from milk, Thila (Sesamum indicum), cow dung and water | Pour the mixture at the profuse flowering basin of Mulla (Jasminum sambac), Saptachata (Alstonia scholaris) | Profuce flowering |
63 | A mixture prepared from meat, flesh of fish and water | Pour the mixture at the profuse flowering basin of Chemanthi (Crysanthemum indicum) | Profuse flowering |
64 | Fumigate with bone and dung of pig | Fumigate around the Valya vellari (Cucumis sativus), Churakka (Lageneria siceraria), Kumbalam (Benincasa hispida) and Vellari (Cucumis sativus) | Profuce fruiting |
65 | One day old rice gruel | Por at the basin of Churakka (Lageneria siceraria) | Profuce fruiting |
66 | Fumigation with paddy straw followed by application of mixture prepared with Tila (Sesamum indicum) and water | Fumigate and pour the mixture at the basin of Padavalam (Trichosanthes anguina) during the month of phalguna. The plant will fruit during the same month. | Profuce fruiting |
67 | Prepare ashes from side branches of the trees growing in the middle of the paddy field | The well-powdered ashes are put in a porous cloth, made into a bundle and sprinkled over the paddy field. | To prevent water retention due to dew |
68 | A paste of Rakthasali (medicinal rice) and curd | Spread in and around the paddy fields | To prevent water retention due to froth |
69 | Pounded mass of Masha (Vigna mungo) | Pounded mass is placed around the basin of the tree | To promote the growth of age damalaki (Phyllanthus emblica) |
70 | A mixture of milk and water | Pour the mixture at the basin of young Tamarind tree (Tamarindus indica) | Growth promoter |
71 | Mixture of curd (Dhathi), Masthu (watery portion of curd), Thagaram (Valeriana wallichii), Kanji (rice gruel), Sura (medicated self generated alcoholic drink prepared from grains), Entha (Phoenix pussilla), Tila (Sesamum indicum), Methika (Trigonella foenum-graecum), Kunapajala (Bio liquid manure), medicated self generated alcoholic drinks from lkshu(Saccharum officinarum) and milk | Pour the mixture at the bottom of the trees- Njazhal (Callicarpa tomentosa), Kadambam (Neolamarckia cadamba) and Naga kesaram (Mesua ferrea) | Profuse flowering |
72 | Bio liquid manure made from Njazhal (Callicarpa tomentosa), Gunja (Abrus precatorius), Nimba (Citrus limon), Pipali(Piper longum), Vacha (Acorus calamus), Nisa (Curcuma longa), Tila (Sesamum indicum), Sarshapa (Brassica juncae), Gritham (clarified butter), and expressed juice of Maruthu (Terminalia paniculata) | All the ingredients are to be taken in equal quantity, prepared in the form of bio liquid manure and poured at the basin of Chembaka (Magnolia champaca) and Nagavriksham (Mesua ferrea) | Growth promoter |
73 | A mixture of Koshataki (Luffa acutangula) - leaves and stem bark, Mamsam(meat) Pippali ( Piper longum) and fumigated water | Meat is boiled with koshataki leaves (Luffa acutangula) and poured at athe bottom of the illippa (Madhuca longifolia) followed by sprinkling of Pour the mixture at the bottom of trees Njazhal (Callicarpa tomentosa), Kadambam (Neolamarckia cadamba) and Naga kesaram (Mesua ferrea) powder of Pipali (Piper longum) around the basin of the tree and irrigated with fumigated water | Profuse flowering |
74 | 1. medicated water of Tila (Sesamum indicum), Yeshtimadhu (Glycyrrhiza glabra), llippa (Madhuca nerifolia), madhu(Honey) 2. Kunapajala | Pour the medicated water at the basin of Lantha (Ziziphus mauritiana). Then sprinkle Kunapajala | To enhance the sweetness of the fruit |
75 | 1. Liquid bio manure prepared from dung of Kolad (Capra aegagrus), Chemariyadu (Ovis aries), panni (Sus scrofa), seeds of Vidanga (Embelia ribes) added with Knnwam (sedimentation obtained from toddy) 2. Aswa moothra ( horse urine) and water | Pour the liquid bio manure in and around the basin of Narakam (Citrus lemon) and irrigate with horse urine and water | Profuse fruiting |
76 | Sugantha jalam (Aromatic water) Kunapajalam | Pour the aromatic water over Kapitha (Limonia acidissima) during the summer season. This will promote the growth of numerous tender leaves | Growth promoter |
Drumaraksha deals with the protective measures to be adopted to save the plant species from severe winter, drought, thunderstorm, flood, smoke, excess heat, pollution, pest/insect attack etc.
Plant protection measures for trees were widely practiced by the Vrikshayurvedic experts since time immemorial. They described various protective measures of trees from Neeharam (dew), Chandavattam (cyclone), Dhoomam (fumes), Vaisvanaram (fire), Jalakaran (spider), etc.
According to Vrikshayurveda, similar to human beings diseases occur in plant species through Nija (endogenous) and Agantu (exogenous) causes. Endogenous diseases are caused due to the aggravation and depletion of Vata, Pitta, and Kapha while exogenic diseases occur due to infections, injuries, burns, fractures, natural calamities, etc.
“Narna miva vrikshanam vata pitta kaphat gada:
Sambhavati nirupyaata: kariyat tat doshamasanam.”
Based on the physical characters, signs and symptoms of the diseases, a Vrikshayurvedic physician should identify, assess and analyze the degree of aggravation and depletion of the Doshas, and should prescribe remedies accordingly by utilizing the plants, animal products and minerals in various form to pacify the aggravated or depleted Doshas to regain or restore the health or to cure the plants affected by the diseases.
The details are given below highlight the Etiopathology, physical characters including specific signs and symptoms of each Dosha under Vatavyadhi (diseases due to the vitiation of Vata), Pittavyadhi (diseases due to the vitiation of pitta) and Kaphavyadhi (diseases due to the vitiation of Kapha).
The etiopathology, physical characters including specific signs and symptoms of each Dosha under Vatavyadhi
Sl. No. |
Name of Doshas |
Etiopathology |
Physical appearance, Signs and symptoms |
1 |
Vata |
Examining the soil conditions is one of the important criteria adopted for detecting aggravation/depletion of Vata properties in the soil; predominance of dryness (ruksha), astringent taste (kashayam) etc. Feeding of substances having the above properties (Guna) causes diseases due to vitiation of Vata. Excess irrigation also causes Vata. |
1. Vata predominant plant species are -Lean -thin (Krisa) 2. Atrophy/deformity in -trunk -stem -branches (Sthamba/Kanda/ Skandha/ Sakha) 3. Galndular formations (Granthi) in -fruits(Phala) -leaves (Pathra) Rough/hard fruit and other parts 5. Deficiency in -pulp -juice and -taste of fruits (Aswaduphala) |
2 |
Pitta |
1. Aggravation of pitta dosha appears generally during the summer (Grishma) and autumn (Vasanta) seasons. 2. Excess administration of substances possessing alkaline (ksariya/khanija), pingent (katu), sour (amla), salty (lavaniya) and Sahrp (theekshana) properties causes vitiation of pitta dosha. |
1. Unhealthy physical appearance with the untimely occurrence of pale leaves (pitapatrata- akala) 2. Falling of immature fruits (Phalsrava) 3. Wilting of plants due to diseases affecting the roots (Padavisoshana) 4. The unhealthy physical appearance of leaves- flowers- fruits (Patra- phushpa- phala malinatva) due to environmental pollution. 5. Untimely yellowing and falling of leaves which leads to the destruction of plants (Patradi sadana) |
3 |
Kapha |
Administration of substances that are sweet (madhura), unctuous (snigdha), sour (amla) and cold dominating potency (seethaveerya) in excess causes kaphaja diseases. Plants are more susceptible to kaphaja diseases in winter and spring. |
1. Delay in fruiting (Athika- laphalata) 2. Paleness of leaves, fruits (Pandutva) 3. Curved leaves (Kubja patrata) 4. Stunted growth of fruits (Avrddhi) 5. Untimely fruiting (Akalaphalita) 6. Tasteless fruit (Nirasata) |
(Surapala, including selected portions from Brihatsamhita, Lokopara)
Other etiological factors
External injury with axe causes vitiation of kapha, produces oozing from the stem, which gradually weakens the trees/plant species
Improper care leads to diseases due to vata
Due to the vitiation of vat, pitta and kapha jaundice occur in trees and plants, causes yellowing especially on stem, root, and leaves.
Unviable seeds, improper care and external injuries cause vitiation of vata, pitta and kapha, which leads to infertility
Lack of absorption and accumulation of water will directly affect the growth of tender leaves.
Presence of ants around the tree for a longer period will cause damage to the tree
Fire, wind, friction between trees, growing under the shade, inhabited with large group of birds near the tree, presence of woody climbers over the trees and growth of grass shrubs under the tree also affects its health.
Criteria fro the identification of various constitutions of plants (Prakriti).
In Vrikshayurveda plants are classified into vata, pitta and kapha, prakriti like human beings.
Vrikshayurveda Classification of plants under Vata, pitta and kapha prakriti
Sl.No |
Prakriti |
Physical characters |
Remarks |
1 |
Vata |
-slender (krisam) -tall, (deerkam) -light in weight (lakhu) -rough surface (ruksham) -suffering from insomnia (nidraheenam) -unhealthy appearance -lack flowering and fruiting |
Tolerance to heat |
2 |
Pitta |
-have more branches -branches break away frequently -yield fruits -some times fruits ripen untimely -aneamic (pandu) -abundant leaves and flowers -trees medium size and height |
Intolerance to withstand bright sunlight |
3 |
Kapha |
-stout bulky stems and branches -plenty of thick leaves -profuse flowering and fruiting -circular trees stem -fruits are beautiful and tasty |
Treating plant disease is described in the monumental work Brihat Samhita of Varahamihira as well as Agnipurna, Vrikshayurveda of Surapala, Lokapakara and Sarangadhara Padhathi of Sarangadhara, which have a wealth of information on the treatment of plant diseases.
This includes aetiology of diseases based on Tridosa theory of Ayurveda, diagnosis of Prakriti (constitutions/genetical expressions) in plants, treatment of plant diseases based on Vataja, Pitaja and Kaphaja diseases, treatment for indigestion, treatment for wind-displaced trees having fracture, wounds etc, treatment of tree affected or struck by lightning, geriatric care of plants, treatment of tissue wasting diseases, disinfectant recipes etc.
This is one of the important chapters of Vrikshyurveda. It deals with various methods of treatment adopted for plant diseases based on the monumental works like Brihat Samhita, Agni purana, Vrikshyurveda of Surapala. Lokopakara and Sarangadhara padhati. According to Gunaratna, “just as the human body is subject to jaundice, dropsy, emaciation and defects of the finger, nose, etc., plants too suffer form similar diseases such as displacement or dislocation of flower, fruit, leaves, bark. By the application of appropriate remedies prescribed in Vrikshayurveda, unnatural growth, deterioration, wounds, fractures etc., can be cured in plants”: (Haribhadra, 1905)
The table given below shows the rasa (various active principles) based on therapeutic action. This will help to select apt dug for treatment vataja, pittaja and kaphaja group of plant diseases. Similarly the selection of drugs based on Guna (properties), Veerya (potency), Vipaka (in vipo effect) and Prabhava (specific/target based action) is to be worked out for the treatment of plant diseases.
The therapeutic action of different rasa’s
Name of raga |
Action on Trinidad |
|
Madhura |
Aggravate kapha |
Deplete Vata Pitta |
Amla |
Aggravate pitha |
Deplete Vata |
Lavana |
Aggravate Pitta kapha |
Deplete Vata |
Katu |
Aggravate Vata pitta |
Deplete Kapha |
Thikta |
Aggravate Vata |
Deplete Pitta Kapha |
Kashaya |
Aggravate Vata |
Deplete Pitta Kapha |
The various disease pattern and their treatment and application
Sl. No. |
Disease pattern |
Treatment protocol |
Application |
1 |
Vatja group |
Irrigation |
Irrigate with a mixture, prepared using the expressed juice obtained from flesh, fat and tallow, mixed with ghee and made into liquid manure. |
Fumigation |
Fumigate with Nimba (Azadirachta indica), cow’s horn, horse hair, ghee, Ativisha (aconitum heteropyllum) and oil, pig’s fat, Satavari (Asparagus racemosus) and Devadaru (Cedrus deodara). Fumigate with leaves of Nirgundi (Vitex negundo).Fumigate with Gugul (Commiphora mukul), Gritham (clarified butter) and seeds of Ajakarna (Terminalia tomentosa) |
||
Plastering |
The tumors and protuberances occurring on the trunk/branches should be removed followed by plastering. The ingredients of the plaster are cow dung, Bhallataka (Semicarpus anacardium) and fat, watered with carrion broth. |
||
Infusion |
Pour an infusion prepared from Rasna (Alpinia galanga), Aswaganda (Withiania somnifera), Naga kesaram (Mesua ferrea), Pipali (Piper longum) |
||
Watering |
Medicated water or an infusion prepared from Karambha (Foeniculum vulgare) and Ajamoda (Anethum graviolens). |
||
Poultice |
Paste prepared from the dung of goat and oil cake is smeared over the roots as poultice |
||
Pacifying procedures |
Pour a mixture prepared from gritham (clarified butter) along with meat (Mamsa) juice and fat(meda) to pacify Vata dosha |
||
2 |
Pittaja group |
Irrigation |
Pour the medicated decoction prepared from Madhuyashti (Glycyrrhiza glabra), Madhuca (Madhuca indica), and milk mixed with honey. Pour the medicated decoction prepared from Triphala (Hareethaki Terminalia chebula), Amalaki Phyllathus emblica) and Vibhitaki (Terminalia bellercia) mixed with gritham and honey. |
Nurturing |
Nurture with a mixture and prepared from cold and perfumed rose water, Vidanga (Embelia ribes) and sugar |
||
Fumigation |
Fumigate with sugar, honey and Gritham (clarified butter). Fumigate with aromatic substances like Chandanam (Santalum album), Useera (Chrysopogon zizanioidoes) etc. |
||
Medicated decoction |
Pour medicated decoction prepared from Useera (Chrysopogon zizanioides), Musta (Cyperus rotundus) and add honey, milk and ghee. |
||
Pacifying procedures |
Administer substances having sweet, taste, unctuous (snigdha) property (guna) in cold water. |
||
3 |
Kaphaja group |
Irrigation |
A paste prepared from Sarshapa (Brassica juncae) and sugar is smeared over the roots and then the plant is irrigated with water mixed with the ashes of Tila (Sesamum indicum) |
Soil replacement |
The mud and soil around the tree suffering from Kaphaja diseases is removed and replaced with dry and hard soil. |
||
Nurturing |
Nurture luke warm water at the bottom of the tree which is affected with Kaphaja diseases. |
||
Infusion |
Pour an infusion prepared from the barks of Parisah/Nandi (Ficus arnottiana), Udumbara (Ficus racemosa) and Saptaparn (Alstonia scholais), Nimba (Azadirachta indica), Vacha (Acoros calamus), Musta (Cyperus rotundos) and Amoora rohithuka/Aphanamixis polystachya. |
||
Dressing |
Dress with the paste prepared from oil cake of Sweta sarshapa (Barssica juncea) over the affected portion of the root and irrigate with the medicated water from ashes of Sesamum indicum |
||
Pacifying procedures |
Administer pungent (katu) and thiktha (bitter)/astringent (kashaya rasam) taste dominated drugs and Ruksha guna (drying properites) luke warm water to pacify Kaphaja diseases |
Section of this website mainly deals with guidelines related to planting trees nearby houses based on their positive and negative energy.
Area of this website exclusively deals with do's and donts of planting rees at homestead level.
DO'S
(table)
DONT’S
This is exclusively an Awareness program that highlights the greatness of trees and strategies that can be adopted to conserve them at ex-situ and in-situ levels. Evaluating the aquatic and terrestrial biodiversity, ancient Indian scholars arrived at the conclusion that the Trees can survive without man, but man cannot survive without trees.
Nurturing the star trees was the concept evolved by Vrikshayurveda as part of the biodiversity conservation. To implement this concept, they developed a holistic strategy with people’s participation, by establishing connectivity between stars, plants, human beings, animals and birds. Their vision was to establish an ex-situ conservation site with 27 trees that possess high carbon sequestration potential, therapeutic and aesthetic value. This concept demands further scientific investigations regarding the climate change mitigation properties, carbon sequestration potential as well as dust and atmospheric pollution control by these trees.
There are certain concepts and effective strategies evolved by the ancient Indian scholars as part of biodiversity conservation. They also developed holistic strategies with people’s participation, by establishing connectivity between stars, plants, human beings, animals and birds. This vision led to the establishment of an ex-situ conservation site with 27-star trees, which possess high therapeutic and aesthetic value. The basis of the star tree concept was to enhance the conservation of these rare trees to attain the ultimate goal of biodiversity conservation through people’s participation, by implementing various Eco-educational programs. They evolved a two-pronged approach for implementing this special tree conservation package program, consisting of solo action and community participation.
“One man one tree” - “Plant a tree and save lives” were the mantras for solo action, while construction and popularization of “Nakshatravana” (Astro-forest) were carried out through community participation. Stars, plants, and men were the major players in these action programs, which unraveled the unknown power of healing.
Evaluating the aquatic and terrestrial biodiversity, ancient Vrikshayurvedic scholars arrived at the conclusion that “Trees are the most valuable living things on earth” and “Trees can survive without man, but man cannot survive without trees”.As part of the biodiversity conservation strategy, the scholars coined a message for awareness and popularization among the public. The message is given below:
“Desakoopa sama vapi desavapi samo hrada:
Desahrada sama: putro desaputra samodruma”
(Sarangadhara padhathi – Tarumahima)
“Ten wells are equivalent to one pond
Ten ponds are equivalent to one lake
Ten lakes are equivalent to one son
Ten sons are equivalent to one tree”
Stars and trees at a glance
The stars are considered as characteristically massive, self-luminous objects, shining by radiation derived from internal energy sources. Usually, living beings release two kinds of energy, positive and negative. Sometimes they also remain neutral. According to the astrological connotations, each star has its own name. Every person born on earth lives under the direct influence of any one of the stars and each one of us is associated with a tree, animal, and bird.
The powerful energy that we release will be directly absorbed and stored by “Star trees”.These trees further transform the energy and release it towards the human being for their sustenance. This has been turned and programmed at the genetic level, and will be expressed in a rhythmical or cyclic manner, like the changing seasons. You may experience the season like spring, summer, autumn and winter in your body and mind. Aggravation and depletion of such expressions sometimes create natural catastrophes and you may be under severe stress and tension. (Rajasekharan et al., 2005)
The original stanza that describes the stars and corresponding trees are given below for reference
“Atha vakshyami nakshatravrikshanagamalekshithan
Poojyanayushpradamchaiva vardhanatpalanatapi
Vishadru dhatri tharu hemadhugdha
Jamboosthathakhadirakrishanavmsa: Aswathanagoucha
vata: palasa: Plakshasthatambashtatharu: kramena:
Visvarjunou chaiva vikamkatho atha Sakesara:
sabarasarja vanchula: Sapanas arkacha sami kadamba-
Sthathambra nimbou madhukadruma: kramat
Ami nakshatra vriksha: siu: saptavimsati:
Aswinyaati kramadevamesha nakshatra padhati:”
(Sarangadhara padhathi)
“Plant your own star tree within your reach or vicinity
Nurture her with affection and love
She will bless you with health, wealth, happiness and
prosprity”
(Rajasekharan et al., 2005)
Compared to 27-star trees mentioned in the almanacs, seven are different according to the original reference in Vrikshayurveda. On verification it was found that certain stars corresponding to the trees in the Almanac are illogical for example:- the local names of the tree species mentioned against Aayilyam, the 9th star mentioned in the almanac(Malayalam) are: (I) Narakom (Citrus sp.), (ii) Nangu (Ladiosiphon eriocephalus) and (iii) Naga(Mesua ferrea). On analysis, it was found that the sign of the star Aayilyam is directly connected to the Snake God. The tree species mentioned as (i) and (ii) does not have any direct connection with the sign of the star. But the tree species mentioned as (iii) Naga, meaning the serpent, itself denotes its direct link with the sign of the star. The original Sanskrit name mentioned in the text is Naga which is translated into Malayalam as Nagapoo (the flower of the serpent world), and botanically identified as Mesua ferrea. Note: The local names Narakom and Nangu erroneously translated into Malayalam.
Name of the Star (Local Name) | Sanskrit | Local Name | Name of the trees - Botanical Name |
Aswathi | Aswini | Vishadru | Strychnos nux-vomica L. (Loganiceae) |
Bharani | Bahrani | Amalaki | Phyllanthus emblica L. (Euphorbiaceae) |
Karthika | Krittika | Atthi | Ficus recemosa L. (Moraceae) |
Rohini | Jamboo | Njaval | Syzygium cumini (L.) (Myrtaceae) |
Makayiram | Khadira | Karungali | Acacia chundra (Rottler) Willd. (Mimosaceae) |
Thiruvathira | Krishna | Kumbil | Gmelina arborea Roxb. (Verbenaceae) |
Punartham | Vamsa | Mula | Bambusa vulagaris Schrad. Ex J.C.Wendl.(Poaceae) |
Pooyam | Aswatha | Arayal | Ficus religiosa L. (Moraceae) |
Aayilyam | Ashlesha | Nagapoo | Mesua ferua L. (Clusiaceae) |
Makom | Makha | Vatah | Ficus benghalensis L. (Moraceae) |
Pooram | Poorva | Plash | Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub. (Fabceae) |
Uthram | Uttara | Pleksha | Ficus microcarpa L. f. (Moraceae) |
Attam | Hasta | Amratakom | Spondias pinnata (L.F.) Kurz. (Anacardiaceae) |
Chithira | Chitra | Bilwa | Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr. (Rutaceae) |
Chothi | Swathi | Arjuna | Terminalia arjuna(DC.) Wt. & Arn. (Combretaceae) |
Visakhom | Vishaka | Viakmkata | Flacourtia montana Graham. Flacourtiaceae) |
Anizham | Anuradha | Kesara | Mimusopus elengi L. (Sapotaceae) |
Ketta | Jyestha | Sabara | Symplocos cochinchinensis (Lour.) Moore. (Symploceceae) |
Moolam | Moola | Sarja | Vateria indica L. (Dipterocarpaceae) |
Pooradam | Purvashada | Vanchula | Barringtonia racemosa (L.) Spreng. (Lecythidaceae) |
Uthradam | Uttarashaa | Panasa | Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. (Moraceae) |
Thiruvonam | Shravana | Arka | Calotrophis gigantea L. (Aslepiadaceae) |
Avittom | Dhanistha | Sami | Prosophis cineraria (L.) DRUCE. (Mimosaceae) |
Chatayam | Shatabhisa | Kadambam | Neolamarckia cadamba (Roxb.) Bosser (Rubiaceae) |
Poorurutati | Uttarabhadra | Aamra | Mangifera indica L. (Anacardiaceae) |
Uttratati | Poorvabhadra | Neem | Azadirachta indica JUSS. (Meliaceae) |
Revati | Revati | Madhuka | Madhuca nerifolia (Moon) H. J. Lam. (Sapotaceae) |
1. Gmelina arborea, locally known as Kumbil (*Krishna) (existing plant name in the Almanac is Karimaram (Diospyros ebenum)
2. Symplocos cochinchinensis locally known as Pachotti (Saabara*)
(existing name in the Almanac is Vetti (Aporosa lindleyana),
3. Vateria indica locally known as in the Almanac is Kunthirikkom (Sarja*) (existing plant name in the Alamanac is Pinus longifolia(pine),
4. Barringtonia racemosa locally known as Samudrakai(Vanchula*) (existing plant name in the Almanac is Vanchi/Attuvanchi (Salix tetrasperma/Ochreinauclea missionis),
5. Neolamarkia cadamba locally known as Kadambu (Kadamba*) (existing name in the Almanac is Kitha/Thazampoo (Pandanus odoratissimus),
6. Azadiracta indica locally known as Veppu (Nimba*) (existing name in the Almanac Karimpana(Borassus flabellifer).
According to Ashtangahridaya Nigundu, Ashvatha (Ficus religiosa) has a maximum life span of 2200 years.
“Salmali vatadhyapeshaya na swachiram thishtadi Asvatha”
It denotes that Ashvatha (Ficus religiosa) have a maximum life span among all tree species on Earth.
“Shatir varsha sahasrani vana jeevati salmati)”
The life span of Bombax ceiba is estimated has six hundred years
This is one of the peculiar and popular conservation strategies evolved by the ancient Vrikshayurvedic experts with a view to establishing linkages between cultures, religions, and beliefs. The table given below shows the abstract of various concepts and strategies once popular among the public. It is recommended that one who plants more edible trees in his garden reach the divine world of Lord Siva and will be able to reside there for more than three yugas. In short, Vrikshas are able to provide four Purashartas such as Dharma(eternal law), Artham(wealth), Kamam (desire) and Moksham (salvation).
Planting of tree species having Carbon sequestration potentially
Carbon sequestration means capturing carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere or capturing anthropological (human) CO2 from large-scale stationary sources like power plants before it is released to the atmosphere. Once captured, the CO2 gas (or the carbon portion of the CO2) is put into long-term storage. CO2 sequestration has the potential to significantly reduce the level of carbon that occurs in the atmosphere as CO2.
Sl.No | Sanskrit name | Botanical name | Local name | Benfits |
1 | Surasa | Ocimum tenuiflorum | Krishna thulasi | Able to reside in the world of Vishnu known as Vaikundam |
2 | Vilwa | Aegle marmelos | Koovalam | Family will be blessed with healthy children, grand children and prosperity for a longer period |
3 | Aswatham | Ficus religiosa | Arayal | Able to reach the world of Vishnu |
4 | Dhatri | Phyllanthus emblica | Nelli | Will recieve enormous benefits equal to the benefit obtained by performing thousands of Yagas(rituals). Furthur he will get benefit similar to the blessing arrived by distributing free land to the poor and also blessing attained through Bhramacharya Vritha (self controlled life style) |
5 | Nimba | Azadiracta indica | Aryaveppu | One who is able to cultivate and grow three neem trees can easily reach the world of sun and remain there for 30000 years. |
6 | Plaksham | Ficus microcarpa | Ithi | Will get benefit equivalent to the blessing recived by onducting the famous Rajasuyam Yaga |
7 | Ambram | Mangifera indica | Mavu | One who cultivates and grows five msngo tree in the premises of his garden or on both side of the street, slavation will be attained for his 14 previous and 14 future generations |
8 | Sireesham | Albizia lebbeck | Nenmenivaka | One who plants 6 trees of Sireesham will reach the world of Garuda (Brahminy kite) in his life period |
9 | Palasam | Butea monosperma | Chamatha | One who plants seven Palasam or one Palasam tree is able to reach the world of Brahma, where he will be respected by the devas. |
10 | Udum baram | Ficus racemosa | Athi | One who plants eight Udumbaram or encourage others to plant this tree species will reach the world of moon |
11 | Madhukam | Madhuca nerifolia | Ilipa | One who plants ilipa tree, will be blessed with Goddess Parvathi and get benefits equal to the blessing recieved by doing poojas to all diine God and Godesses and will be free from all diseases. |
12 | Sheerika | Manikara hexandra | Pazamunpala | One who cultivates and grows Sheerika, Kadali (Musa suparba), Draksha (Vtitsvinifera), Prelayam (Buchanania latifolia) and Panasam (Artocarpus heterophylus) will be free from all kinds of illness for himself and seven future generations. He will also have happines in his life. |
13 | Jambu | Syzygium cumini | Njaval | If the Jambu tree is either cultivated or naturally grown in the homestead and the inhabitants are following all rights according to Dhrama (eternal law), Prosperity will come. Aprt from these, one who cultivates/grows useful trees or plabnts which are flowering and fruiting profusely will get blessed equivalent to the donation of the healthy cows and diamonds |
It is interesting to note that the concept of planting trees having carbon sequestration potential is described in ancient Vrikshayurvedic literature. According to Acharya Sarangadhara, one who plants the following plants in a prescribed number and constructs a pond nearby will never reach the world of naraka (place of torment).
Sl.No | Sanskrit | Botanical name | Local name | Number of plants to be planted |
1 | Aswatham | Ficus reliosa | Arayal | One |
2 | Pichumanda | Azadiracta indica | Aryavepu | One |
3 | Vata | Ficus Benghalensis | Peral | One |
4 | Tintrini | Tamarindus indica | Valan puli | Ten |
5 | Kapitham | Limonia acidissima | Valr maram | Three |
6 | Vilwam | Aegle marmelos | Kooovalam | Three |
7 | Amalaki | Phyllanthus emblica | Nelli | Three |
8 | Ambra | Mangifera indica | Mavu | Five |
(Sarangadhara padhathi) |
In each and every house, one should construct Lathagriham (Pergolas covered with flower-bearing climbers/creepers which providing shade and ambiance for relaxation). This section highlights the importance of constructing summerhouses, designing beautiful gardens, parks/children’s parks, pond, small lakes etc. This concept and design can be integrated with modern architecture to design summerhouses, gardens, parks, etc. with a traditional outlook.
Lathagriham (pergola covered with climbers) is a part of the garden constructed exclusively by planting climbers having healthy green foliage. One of the climbers recommended covering the roof of Lathagriham is Atimuktakam (Jasminum sambac). Due to its dense foliage and profuse flowering, it will attract Bhramas (a large number of black beetles) and protect from direct sunlight and wind. The special feature of the Lathagriham is the presence of fallen aromatic jasmine flowers on the floor, which will create a pleasurable feeling. The added attraction of the Lathagriham is a swing made by the climbers with the support of nearby the branches of trees.
Construction of Kreedaparvatam (similar to rockery)
Adjacent to Upavanam, Kreedaparvatam (similar to rockery) is constructed with components like beautiful Nikunchas (small green huts) constructed with small branches of trees and climbers, artificially made caves, valleys, rock gardens, caves decorated with diamonds, walls of caves depicted with high quality metals and minerals and path designed exclusively for walking freely. The added attraction of Kreedaparvatam is the presence of dancing and singing peacocks. The presence of peacock keeps snakes away from the Kreedaparvatam.
Construction of Pushkarini (attractive lakes) Sarovara (tanks) and Tadagam (ponds)
Attractive lakes, tanks and ponds (Pushkarini, Sarovara, Tadagam) are some of the components to be constructed nearby Upavanas. To create an aesthetic water habitat, flocks (or in pairs) of swana (Hamsa/Kalahamsa) are introduced. They will swim and play with sweet humming sound (Kilola-kalarava). The trees should be planted near the shore of the tanks and ponds to create aesthetic beauty by reflecting their beautiful shadow in the water.
Construction of Dheerkhila (large lake)
Dheerkhika is a specially designed large lake in which houseboats moves. Protection from wild aquatic animals should be ensured for a safe and comfortable boating. Beautiful flowering plants/trees should be planted around the lake to attract birds and it should be beautified with Kamalam (Nelumbo nucifera), Kumutam (Nymphea nouchali) and Nilotpala (Monochoria vaginalis). The flowering Nilotapala in this lake will resemble the eyes having black pupil with black brows of a pretty woman.
Construction of tank/pond (Sarovara and Tadagam)
A tank or pond with proper drainage system should be constructed in a a suitable location within the Upavana campus. It should be filled with clear water. The design should be in such a manner that the shadow of garden is reflected on water. Further the design should reflect moon light and scatter and diffuse it dominantly covering whole tank. This will provide an aesthetic view similar to the milky white rays of moon light, reflecting on water.
Construction of a Kaldaligriha (summer rest house)
Kadaligriha is another beautiful component of Upavana, specially designed as rest house for stay during the summer season. A Mandapa is constructed in the middle portion of Deerkhika, which is surrounded by trees/ flowering plants. The Mandapa is decorated by fixing white and attractive prism. Near the Mandapa naturally, air-conditioned Kadhaligriham should be constructed. Construction of a detailed version of Kadaligriha and Kreedaparvada has mentioned in Kadambari written by Bhattabana.
The component, which is adjacent to the Kadaligriha, is the well(Kupa) with sufficient water, which can effectively be utilized for the irrigation of the garden. The well should be protected with stone boundary.
To avoid the contamination of well water, it is treated with powder prepared from Anjanam (Grey Blackstone), Musta (Cyperus rotundus), Useeram (Chrysopogan zizanioides), Naga (Mesua ferrea), Koshatakam (Trichosanthes lobeta), Amalaki (Phyllanthus emblica) and Kataka Phalam (Strychnos potatorum). This helps to purify the water. Apart from this, whenever the water is dirty (Kalusham), pungent (Katu), tastelesas (Virasam) salty or saline (Lavnam) and have bad color (Asubhagandhi), this powder recipe is added (diluted) in water. As a result it becomes clean, transparent (Amala), tasty (Surasa), having natural aroma (Sasughandhi) and potent with various qualities (Sunayukta).
This is one of the important areas to be brought under an in-depth study and analysis with the support of modern science and technology. It is to be noted that the Vrikshayurveda experts have made several research attempts (ancient biotechnological interventions) and have developed a number of new techniques related to plant species. Some of these techniques are aroma-inducing techniques, in which they explain how to introduce scent in unscented flowers, color altering techniques in which they explain how to alter the color in cotton plant, floral techniques, techniques to ensure profuse flowering and fruiting throughout the year / off-season, production techniques for seedless fruit production, fruit preservation techniques, Fast propagation techniques, Biotechnical applications for the conservation of plant species, Plant altering / hybridization techniques, Improved fruit production techniques, Taste altering techniques of fruits etc.
Modern Biotechnology can scientifically validate these concepts, theories and hypothesis described in Vrikshayurveda literature. This may lead to the discovery of novel biodynamic molecules, elite variations of economically important medicinal plants, production of disease-resistant, high yielding varieties and those containing enriched active principles, etc. and identification of elite or superior plant genotypes.
Ayurvedic scriptures also describe characters that are based on biotic and abiotic factors as guidelines in the identification of plant types, which are most desirable for drug preparation. Validation of these characters to understand their role in the development of superior genotype can be done using tools like chemical prospecting, complimented with genetic fingerprinting. Comparative analysis of accessions collected from random sampling procedures and those based on Ayurvedic leads could definitely provide necessary insight to this end.
Apart from this, other areas brought under the discussion includes potential linkages of Vrikshayurveda in Agriculture for future application, relevant prescriptions for plant health management, review on relevant experimental trials, scope of Vrikshayurveda for conducting medicinal / food plants described in Vrikshayurveda.
Ancient biotechnological interventions
The concept of modern biotechnology became popular in 1970’s with the development of molecular biology. In fact, biotechnology is an ancient science dating back to the period before Christ. In countries like India, China, Egypt, Rome, Greece etc, bio technological means were utilized for product development during ancient times. The fermentation technique developed by ancient Ayurveda scholars was one such process for the production of medicated, self generated alcoholic drinks for health care. Similarly, the beer-making technology developed in the West using yeasts another notable biotechnological intervention.
At the global level, biotechnology is revolutionizing the development of novel processes, products, and services in different sectors like healthcare, agriculture, industry, environment etc. By effectively utilizing the rich and diverse knowledge of Ayurveda in union with modern biotechnological tools, it is possible to develop divers new processes and products.
Vrikshayurveda established a four-pronged approach towards the development of biotechnology. It is directly related with humans, plants, animals and microbes. The ultimate objective was the conservation and sustainable utilization of biological resources for ensuring food, health and economic security of the nation as well as of the future generations.
Vriksahyurvedic experts in the field of plant biotechnology have made several attempts and they have developed a number of new techniques related to:
These techniques are to be reinvestigated and scientifically validated. Some of the research/biotechnological interventions carried by the Vrikshayurvedic scholars are given below:
Tweaking plants for fragrant flowers
The flowers in your garden could soon be attracting visitors in hordes, not only for their various hues bu their heavenly scent as well.
Scientists and plant biologists have rated the first sweet whiff of success in engineering plants to produce highly scented flowers. This was one of the highlights of the international conference held at Thiruvananthapuram on Micro and Metabolic regulators in pants hosted by the Rajiv center for biotechnology (RGCB)
Alexander Vainstein, from the faculty of agriculture, Food and Environment at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel, said, “Petunia flowers have been traditionally used for their beauty and attractive colors. My experiment led to fragrant petunia flowers.”In his presentation on the topic ‘Specialized metabolic pathways: cues controlling floral scent production’, Dr. Vainstein said, “Genetically enhanced Petunia has higher floral scent compounds and pigmentation, which can be commercially exploited. We also found humans can distinguish the scent of genetically enhanced flowers, making it a lucrative proposition for the perfume industry.”
The conference also highlighted research advances in plant biology to create wines with floral flavors. A press note quoting Dr. Vainstein said transgenic yeast had been found to be a successful agent in developing wines with unique floral flavors. (Nandakumar, 2017)
It is interesting to note that the result of this scientific study is supported by the Vrikshayurvedic observations made by the ancient scholars of Vrikshayurveda.
Biological interventions
Introduce scent in unscented flowers
1.1 Aromatic soil is prepared by mixing scented flowers and applied on the basin of the tree. This is flowed by pouring the aromatic decoction prepared from Dhava (Anofeissus latifolia) and Kadhira (Accacia chundra). Then the stem is smeared with paste of sandalwood and fumigated Gritham (clarified butter) along with aromatic plants/substances.
Colour changing technique of cotton (white color to yellow-tinged/reddish-orange similar to the colour of fire)
2.1 Powder prepare from Yavam (Hordeum vulgare), Nisa (Curcuma longa), Palasa (Butea monosperma) is sprinkled and the medicated deccotion prepared from above-mentioned ingredients is poured at the basin of the tree.
2.2 Paste prepared from the powder of Shalmali (bark) (Bombax ceiba), Nisha (Curcuma longa), Neeli (Indigo feratinctoria) Triphala Hareethaki (Terminalia Chebula) Amalaki (Emblica officinalis) Vibhitaki (Terminalia bellirica) and Kushtam (Sausssurea lappa) is mixed with medicated liquor prepared from sugar cane juice and smeared over the cotton plant for changing the color of white cotton to parrot green color.
Fruiting and flowering profusely irrespective of seasons
3.1 Paste prepared from the boiled tuberous root of Vidhari kandha (Ipomea mauritiana) in sugar cane juice is smeared over the bottom of the tree. Then sugar cane juice is poured at the basin.
3.2 Paste prepared from Tila (Sesamum indicum), Vidangam (Embelia ribes) and Gomaya (Cow Dung) is mixed with sugar cane juice is poured at the basin of the tree/plants.
Production of seedless fruit
4.1 Paste prepared from the powder of Madhu kusumam (flower of Madhuca nerifolia), Gunja (Abrus precatorius), Sarkara (jaggery) and Udumbaram (Ficus racemosa) is mixed with Gritham (clarified butter) and Madhu (honey) and the same is inserted in the hole made on the stem of the tree. The hole is sealed and smeared with dung of the calf. This is followed by irrigation with the decoction prepared form the sweet substances.
4.2. Madhu Yeshti (Glycyrrhza glabra), Sita (sugar candy), Kustam ( Saussurea lappa) and Madhu Pushpam (flower of Madhuca nerifolia) are mixed, steamed and placed at the bottom of the tree.
Increasing the shelf life of ripening fruit
5.1. Skin obtained from just above the shoulders of a goat having prominent hum is tied over the branches of the trees.
Late ripening of fruit upto 1 year
6.1. Hollow bone (Nalakashti) of a monkey, which was killed in an elephant, is pierced into the stem of the tree/plant.
To prevent falling of ripened fruit from peduncle
7.1. Bark of the branch of a tree is peeled open and smeared with a paste of Vidangam (Embelica ribes), honey and milk. This portion is tied with grass and peeled bark, followed by pouring milk.
Quick germination
8.1. Liquid bio manure prepared from Vasa (fat) and flesh of pig and fish is mixed with milk and irrigated followed by fumigation with the same ingredients.
8.2. Paste prepared from Ankola thilam (oil obtained from Alangium salvifolium, fat of Sukara (pig), and Sisumaram (Crocodylus porosus) is smeared over the seed. It is own in the soil and irrigated with Karakajala (water obtained from hail)
8.3. Seed of Dadimam (Punicum granatum) is treated through Bhavan process potentiated with blood of hen for 21 times and sown in the soil.
Altering technique
9.1. Ripened seed of Ambra (Mangifera indica) and similar trees are dipped in each of these for a particular period of time, water I which fish is cooked, Ankola thilam (oil obtained from Alangium salvifolium), Dugtham (milk) and Gritham (clarified butter). This is kept for prescribed period and then sown in the soil. By doing this seeds will germinate as Brihati (Solanum melongena).
To produce big sized fruit
10.1. Seed of Vrathaka (Solanum melongena) is smeared with Gritham (clarified butter), Mashikam (honey) and dried in sun light. Put the seed inside a tender fruit of Kushmanda (Benincasa hispida) by making a small hole followed by smearing with cow dung. When the Kushmanda ripen, separate the seed from inside and sow it.
To increase the size of banana fruit
11.1. The dung cake prepared from the dung of donkey (Khara) and horse (Thuranga) is used for heating an iron rod. The bottom of banana plant is horizontally touched with this hot iron rod. This will help to produce elephant trunk sized banana fruit.
Fruiting profusely
12.1. Nirumamasam (Human flesh) is treated with Ankola (Alangium salvifolium), Chagadugtham (goat milk), and oil cake of Tila (Sesamum indicum), Madhu (honey) and applied at the basin of the mango tree. This will result in profuse fruiting similar to grape bunch.
Altering taste
13.1. Paste prepared from the powder of Krimirupu (Emblia ribes), Yavam( Hordeum vulgare), Yeshtimadhu (Glycyrrhiza glabra) along with jaggery and milk is applied on the basin of the Nimba tree (Azadirachta indica) followed by irrigation with milk. This will help to alter the bitterness of neem fruit to sweet fruit.
Prevent decay of trees
14.1. Sukara (Sus scrofa) bone is pierced around the tree stem to prevent decay.
Others
15.1. To produce fruit for all seasons
15.1.1. A mixture prepared from cow dung, Gritham (clarified butter) and soil is applied at the basin of Koushmandi (Benincas hispida), vine which is growing through a hole made on the Manthara vriksha (Bauhinia racemosa). This result in fruiting irrespective of all season.
15.2. Disinfectant recipe
15.2.1. A paste prepared from Karanja (Pongamia pinnata), Aragwatha (Casiia fistula), Leshuna (Allium sativum), Saptaparna (Alstonia scholaris), Musta (Cyperus rotundus) and Vidanga (Emblica ribes) along with cow’s urine is applied on the affected part.
15.3. Snake repellent
15.3.1. Fumigate with seed of Karpasam (Gossypium barbadense) along with shed skin of snake
15.4. To check falling of unripe fruits
15.4.1. Irrigate with medicated milk decoction prepared from Kulatham (Dolichos biflorus), Masha (Vigna mungo), Mudga (Vigna radiata), Tila(Sesamum indicum) and Yava(Hordeum vulgare)
15.5. Pot flowered
15.5.1 Rhizome of Nymphaea treated with Ankola thila (oil obtained form Alangium salvifolium) is put in cow dung for some days and is planted in a pot filed with Karakajalam (water obtained from hail) and mud. Nymphaea will flower in the pot itself within a short time.
15.6. Induce aroma in flowers
15.6.1 Scented soil is prepared by adding different flowers having aromatic qualities, either alone or in combination. Apply scented soil, in larger quantity at the bottom of the tree.
15.7. Induce scent in unscented flowers
15.7.1 Medicated water is prepared from Kushta (Saussurea lappa), Pathram (Pogostemon heyneanus), Muramanchi (Sanseveria roxburghiana), Mustha (Cyperus rotundus), Tagaram (Valeriana wallichii) and Useeram (Chrysopogon zizanioides). Apply this medicated water at the bottom of the tree for a period of one month.
15.8. To enhance the sweetness of the fruit
15.8.1. Pour milk at the bottom of the trees
15.9. To prevent the water retention due to dew
15.9.1. Prepare ash by burning side branches of the trees growing in the middle of the paddy field. The well-powdered ash is put in a porous cloth, made into a bundle and sprinkled over the paddy field.
15.9.2. Fumigate with a mixture prepared from Arista (Azadirachta indica), Gosringa (cow’s horn), Turangakesa (horse hair), Sana (Lens culinaris), Gritham (clarified butter), Sisumara Taila (oil/fat of Esturine crocodile)(Crocodyus porosus) and Kola meda (hog fat) (Sus scrofa) to treat Vata rogas of plants.
Reference about Vrikshayurveda are available in Vedas, Upanishads, Epics, Puranas and Ayurvedic literature. It includes Charakasamhita, Susrutasamhita and Ashtangahridaya popyularly known as Brihattrai (three important treatises related to ancient Indian medicine and surgery). But it became a separate branch of Ayurveda in the later stages. It is believed that Sargadhara-1, who lived during the middle of Samhita period was specialized in Ayurvedic materia medica and he might have introduced Vrikshayurveda as a separate branch of Ayurveda. During the same period Salihotra, Nakula and Ramapada introduced Mrigayurveda (Ayurvedic veterinary medicine). The other books that provide information on Vrikshayurveda are Kautilya’s Artasastra, Amarakosa written by Amarasimha, Brihatsamhita of Varahamihira, Krishi of Parasara. Patanjali’s Mahabhasya, Vrikshayurveda of Surapala, Dhanwanthari Nighandu, Sarngadhara padhathi of Sarngadhara – II, Rajavallabha nighandu Bhavaprakasham.
A work on vrikshayurveda by Vavilla Ramaswami is available in Telugu language. Lakshmipathi devides these developments under three stages i.e.
Archaeological findings have revealed that rice (Oryza sativa) was domesticated crop grown along the banks of Ganga in the sixth millennium BC. Later, its cultivation extended to other areas. Several species of winter cereals, barley (Hordeum vulgare), oats (Avena sativa), Wheat (Triticum aestivum), Legumes (lentil - edible pulses) and Chickpea (Cicer arietinum) domesticated in Southwest Asia, where grown Northwest India before the sixth millennium BC. Some other millets, such as Sorghum (Sorghum bicolour), Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) and Finger millet (Eleusine coracana) which were earlier domesticated in Africa, found their way to the Indian subcontinent more than 4000 years ago. In addition, smaller millets such as the species of Panicum, Setaria, Echinochola and Paspalum were domesticated in India since the Neolithic period. Archaeological research also revealed cultivation of several other crops 3000-6000 years ago. These include oil seeds such as Sesame (sesamum indicum), Linseed (linum usitatissimum), Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius), Mustrad (Brassica juncea), and Castor (Ricinus communis); Legumes such as Mung bean (Vigna radiata), Black gram (Vigna mungo), Field pea (Pisum sativum), Grass pea (Lathyrus sativus), and Fenugreek (Trigonella foenumgraecum); Fibre crops such as Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum); and fruits such as Jujube (Ziziphus mauritiana), Grape (Vitis vinifera), Dates (Phoenix sylvestris), Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus), Mango (Mangifera indica), Mulberry (Morus alba), and Black plum (Syzigium cumini); animals, including cow, sheep, goat, ass, dog, pig, and horse were also domesticated.
Surpala’s Vrikshyaurveda mentioned some materials (along with their properties) and practices that were supposed to be used in agriculture for the production of crops. Some of these materials and practices need attention as our agricultural community often ignore them. A few of these materials are described below in brief.
Milk and ghee have been used for centuries. Glutamate, leucine and proline from about 40% of the total amino acids in milk. Recently, a report (Arun Kumar et al., 2002) claimed that milk sprays induced systematically acquired resistance in chilli against leaf curl (a viral disease). Milk also has been used for controlling powdery mildew. The amino acid proline has been found to systemically induce resistance in plants (Niranjan and Shetty, 2002). High amounts of endogenous proline increase contents of cytokinin and auxins. Lactoferrin protein in milk and milk products has strong anti-bacterial properties. Therefore, we can say that milk treatment requires our early attention and gives us an opportunity to rediscover its beneficial effects. (Goyal, 2003).
The use of cow dung has been indicated since the time of Kautilya. It was used for dressing seeds, plastering cut ends of vegetative propagated sugarcane, dressing wounds, sprinkling diluted suspension on plants etc. since ancient times. Indian farmers use cow dung in different ways but agricultural scientists have not completely realized its importance. Agricultural scientists think that it can be used as manure only. Cow dung is a mixture of dung and urine, generally in the ratio of 3:1. It contains crude fibre, crude protein and materials that can be obtained in nitrogen free extracts and ether extracts. The cow dung also contains micronutrients. The urine portion of cow dung consists of nitrogen, potash, sulphur and traces of phosphorous. Seed is treated with cow dung in various ways, for example it is coated with cow dung residue that contains cellulose, hemi cellulose, micronutrients, metabolic nitrogen, epithelial cells from the animals, bile salt and pigment, potash, Sulphur, traces of phosphorus and a large number of bacteria. This thin dry layer of residue on seed gets absorbed.